Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri Biji Kapulaga Hijau (Elettaria cardamomum) Menggunakan Metode Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity

Abdurahman, Abdurahman (2025) Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri Biji Kapulaga Hijau (Elettaria cardamomum) Menggunakan Metode Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Kapulaga hijau (Elettaria cardamomum) merupakan rempah bernilai ekonomi tinggi yang kaya akan senyawa bioaktif seperti 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, dan linalool. Minyak atsiri dari kapulaga memiliki nilai komersial sebagai agen antimikroba, antioksidan, dan aromatik dalam industri pangan, farmasi, dan kosmetik. Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan keberlanjutan proses ekstraksi, penelitian ini menggunakan metode Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) yang dimodifikasi dengan penambahan aliran steam, sebagai teknologi hijau yang minim energi, tanpa pelarut, dan ramah lingkungan.
Metode MHG terdiri dari tiga bagian utama: gelombang mikro (microwave) sebagai pemanas untuk menguapkan kandungan air dan minyak dalam bahan, distiller sebagai ruang ekstraksi utama, serta kondensor sebagai sistem pendingin. Dalam modifikasi ini, ditambahkan aliran steam dari luar ke dalam distiller guna menjaga suhu tetap stabil dan mencegah gosongnya bahan. Aliran steam berfungsi mempercepat pelepasan senyawa volatil dari jaringan biji kapulaga serta memperbaiki efisiensi difusi minyak menuju permukaan.
Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan variasi daya microwave (300, 450, dan 600 W), rasio feed-to-distiller (0,15; 0,175; dan 0,2 g/mL), dan waktu ekstraksi hingga 240 menit dengan interval pengambilan data setiap 40 menit. Sampel minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dianalisis berdasarkan parameter rendemen (%yield), densitas, kelarutan dalam etanol 70%, dan komposisi kimia menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield meningkat seiring bertambahnya daya dan rasio F/D. Yield tertinggi sebesar 2,08% diperoleh pada daya 600 W, rasio F/D 0,2 g/mL, dan waktu ekstraksi 240 menit.
Minyak yang dihasilkan berwarna bening kekuningan, dengan densitas 0,92 g/mL, dan larut sempurna dalam etanol 70%. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan lima senyawa dominan, yaitu 1,8-cineole (36,74%), α-terpinyl acetate (21,05%), linalool (9,34%), sabinene (8,27%), dan β-pinene (5,82%). Senyawa-senyawa ini merupakan monoterpen dan oksigenat yang banyak digunakan dalam formulasi aromaterapi dan antiseptik.
Model kinetika yang diuji mencakup model orde pertama, orde kedua, hyperbolic, dan Power Law. Berdasarkan hasil fitting terhadap data eksperimen, model Power Law menunjukkan kecocokan terbaik, dengan nilai koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 0,9962 dan Sum Square Error (SSE) sebesar 0,0032, menunjukkan bahwa proses difusi berlangsung kompleks dan bersifat non-linear.
Metode MHG dengan aliran steam terbukti efektif meningkatkan yield, menjaga stabilitas termal bahan, dan meminimalkan kerusakan senyawa aktif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa MHG+steam merupakan teknologi ekstraksi minyak atsiri yang efisien, hemat energi, bebas pelarut, dan cocok untuk skala industri maupun UMKM berbasis agroindustri rempah-rempah.
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Green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a high-value spice known for its rich content of bioactive essential oil compounds such as 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, and linalool. These compounds exhibit potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, making them highly valuable in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. To enhance extraction efficiency and sustainability, this study employed the Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) method modified by the addition of external steam flow—a green technology that is solvent-free, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly.
The MHG system consists of three primary components: microwave heating to vaporize internal moisture and oil, a distiller chamber for extraction, and a condenser unit to collect the distillate. In this modified setup, steam flow is introduced into the distiller to maintain stable temperatures and prevent thermal degradation of the plant matrix. The steam also aids in accelerating the release of volatile compounds from cardamom seed tissues, thus improving diffusion and yield.
Experimental variables included microwave power levels (300, 450, and 600 W), feed-to-distiller (F/D) ratios (0.15, 0.175, and 0.2 g/mL), and extraction duration up to 240 minutes, with sampling at 40-minute intervals. The extracted essential oils were evaluated for yield percentage, density, solubility in 70% ethanol, and chemical composition via Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest yield of 2.08% was obtained at 600 W power, F/D ratio of 0.2 g/mL, and 240 minutes of extraction.
The resulting oil was pale yellow, with a density of 0.92 g/mL and full solubility in 70% ethanol. GC-MS analysis identified five major compounds: 1,8-cineole (36.74%), α-terpinyl acetate (21.05%), linalool (9.34%), sabinene (8.27%), and β-pinene (5.82%), all known for their aromatic and therapeutic properties.
Extraction kinetics were analyzed using first-order, second-order, hyperbolic, and Power Law models. Among these, the Power Law model provided the best fit, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9962 and Sum Square Error (SSE) of 0.0032, indicating non-linear and diffusion-limited extraction behavior.
Overall, the MHG method enhanced with steam flow proved to be a highly effective, green, and scalable technique for extracting high-quality essential oil from green cardamom seeds. The findings of this study offer a strong foundation for further industrial-scale development of essential oil extraction processes for high-value aromatic crops.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Kata Kunci: Elettaria cardamomum, Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity, aliran steam ================================================================================= Keywords: Elettaria cardamomum, Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity, essential oils, steam flow
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP156 Crystallization. Extraction (Chemistry). Fermentation. Distillation. Emulsions.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Abdurahman Abdurahman
Date Deposited:	04 Aug 2025 12:03
Last Modified:	04 Aug 2025 12:03
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/127158

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