Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) Unloading Operation at Gresik Chemical Terminal

Sudibia, I Made Brama Raditya Ananthaveda (2025) Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) Unloading Operation at Gresik Chemical Terminal. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) is a highly flammable and toxic chemical widely used in the production of PVC, making its handling and unloading at chemical terminals a critical operation with significant safety concerns. This research assessed the fire and explosion risks associated with VCM unloading operations at a chemical terminal operator that supplies VCM to a chemical receiving plant in Gresik, East Java. To systematically identify and evaluate the hazards, a structured risk assessment methodology was adopted, comprising Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) in accordance with BS IEC 61882:2001, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) for frequency estimation, as well as consequence modelling using ALOHA software. The identified hazards included jet fire, flash fire, vapor cloud explosion, and toxic vapor dispersion. The analysis showed that the highest failure frequency occurred in the 1–3 mm leak scenario on the jetty head, while consequence simulations indicated jet fire heat flux exceeding 10 kW/m² up to over 50 meters and toxic vapor dispersion reaching beyond 600 meters under worst-case conditions. Risk mapping was conducted using risk matrices from both the chemical terminal and the receiving plant, and the results were compared against the UK HSE F-N Curve criteria, revealing that the jet fire consequence fall within the intolerable risk region. Based on these findings, risk control options were developed, prioritizing engineering solutions such as fire extinguishing systems, sensors, and quick getaway couplings. A Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of each mitigation measure in reducing risk at lower cost. The results indicated that installing thermal sensors and implementing quick getaway couplings yielded the lowest CER values, making them the most effective mitigation options. This study highlighted the importance of integrated risk assessment and mitigation strategies in ensuring the safety of VCM unloading operations and may serve as a reference for similar assessments at other chemical terminals.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Chemical Terminal, Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment (FERA), Unloading Operation, Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM), Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER)
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General) > T174.5 Technology--Risk assessment. T Technology > T Technology (General) > T55 Industrial Safety T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) > TA169 Reliability (Engineering) T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) > TA169.5 Failure analysis T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155.7 Chemical processes.
Divisions:	Faculty of Marine Technology (MARTECH) > Marine Engineering > 36202-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	I Made Brama Raditya Ananthaveda Sudibia
Date Deposited:	05 Aug 2025 06:27
Last Modified:	05 Aug 2025 06:27
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/127409

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