Analisis Kinetika dan Mekanisme Pelindian Lithium Berbasis Asam Organik Dai Black Mass Baterai Lithium-Ion

Zyarkasi, Khemal Havied (2026) Analisis Kinetika dan Mekanisme Pelindian Lithium Berbasis Asam Organik Dai Black Mass Baterai Lithium-Ion. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pelindian lithium dari black mass baterai lithium-ion memerlukan pendekatan kuantitatif dan mekanistik untuk mencapai ekstraksi yang tinggi, selektif, dan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh tahapan pre-treatment dan variasi sistem asam organik terhadap kinerja, selektivitas, dan kinetika pelindian lithium dari black mass campuran material katoda berbasis nikel–mangan–kobalt dan lithium kobalt oksida. Pre-treatment dilakukan melalui pencucian menggunakan etanol, pengeringan, pengayakan hingga ukuran partikel kurang dari 150 µm, serta kalsinasi konservatif pada temperatur 500 °C untuk menghilangkan binder poliviniliden fluoride (PVDF) dan meningkatkan akses permukaan reaktif. Proses pelindian dilakukan menggunakan campuran asam nitrat dan asam klorida sebagai acuan pelarutan maksimum, serta tiga variasi sistem asam organik, yaitu kombinasi asam sitrat–asam asetat, kombinasi asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam askorbat, dan kombinasi asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam tartarat, pada rasio padat–cair 5 g per 100 mL, variasi temperatur 50–90 °C, dan waktu pelindian hingga 180 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase ekstraksi lithium meningkat seiring kenaikan temperatur pada seluruh sistem pelindian, dengan kisaran ekstraksi 78,54–97,35% pada sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat, 90,73–97,81% pada sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam askorbat, dan 64,45–99,72% pada sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam tartarat. Pada temperatur 50 °C, sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam askorbat menghasilkan ekstraksi lithium tertinggi sebesar 97,81% serta selektivitas lithium terhadap ion kompetitor dengan rasio selektivitas lithium terhadap logam lain sebesar 1,4–1,8. Analisis kinetika menggunakan model inti menyusut menunjukkan bahwa pelindian lithium pada sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat dan sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam askorbat dikendalikan oleh reaksi kimia permukaan, dengan energi aktivasi masing-masing sebesar 29,1 dan 7,5 kJ per mol, sedangkan sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam tartarat dikendalikan oleh difusi melalui lapisan produk dengan energi aktivasi sebesar 61,4 kJ per mol. Berdasarkan integrasi kinerja ekstraksi, selektivitas, dan parameter kinetika, sistem asam sitrat–asam asetat–asam askorbat pada temperatur 50 °C selama 180 menit ditetapkan sebagai kondisi optimum pelindian lithium dari black mass baterai lithium-ion.
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Lithium leaching from lithium-ion battery black mass requires a quantitative and mechanistic approach to achieve high, selective, and sustainable extraction. This study investigates the effects of pre-treatment and organic acid systems on the performance, selectivity, and kinetics of lithium leaching from black mass composed of mixed nickel–manganese–cobalt cathode material and lithium cobalt oxide. Pre-treatment consisted of ethanol washing, drying, sieving to particle sizes below 150 µm, and conservative calcination at 500 °C to remove polyvinylidene fluoride binder and enhance access to reactive surfaces. Leaching experiments were conducted using a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid as a reference for maximum dissolution, as well as three organic acid systems, namely citric acid–acetic acid, citric acid–acetic acid–ascorbic acid, and citric acid–acetic acid–tartaric acid, at a solid–liquid ratio of 5 g per 100 mL, temperatures of 50–90 °C, and leaching times up to 180 minutes. The results show that lithium extraction increased with increasing temperature in all leaching systems, with extraction ranges of 78.54–97.35% for the citric acid–acetic acid system, 90.73–97.81% for the citric acid–acetic acid–ascorbic acid system, and 64.45–99.72% for the citric acid–acetic acid–tartaric acid system. At 50 °C, the citric acid–acetic acid–ascorbic acid system achieved the highest lithium extraction of 97.81% and exhibited superior selectivity toward lithium over competing ions, with lithium-to-metal selectivity ratios of 1.4–1.8. Kinetic analysis using the shrinking core model indicates that lithium leaching in the citric acid–acetic acid and citric acid–acetic acid–ascorbic acid systems is controlled by surface chemical reaction, with activation energies of 29.1 and 7.5 kJ per mole, respectively, whereas the citric acid–acetic acid–tartaric acid system is governed by diffusion through the product layer, with an activation energy of 61.4 kJ per mole. Based on the integrated evaluation of extraction efficiency, selectivity, and kinetic parameters, the citric acid–acetic acid–ascorbic acid system at 50 °C and a leaching time of 180 minutes was identified as the optimum condition for lithium leaching from lithium-ion battery black mass.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	lithium, kinetika, pelindian, selektivitas, ekstraksi, lithium, kinetics, leaching, selectivity, extraction
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK2921 Lithium cells.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 27101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Khemal Havied Zyarkasi
Date Deposited:	28 Jan 2026 03:22
Last Modified:	28 Jan 2026 03:22
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/130669

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