Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit sebagai Sumber Nanocrystalline Cellulose melalui Metode Hidrolisis Asam Asetat

Hafid, Abdul (2026) Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit sebagai Sumber Nanocrystalline Cellulose melalui Metode Hidrolisis Asam Asetat. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) atau cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) merupakan material berbasis selulosa berukuran nanometer yang memiliki kekuatan mekanik tinggi, luas permukaan besar, serta sifat biodegradabel, sehingga berpotensi digunakan dalam berbagai bidang seperti komposit polimer, pangan, energi, dan biomedis. Indonesia sebagai produsen kelapa sawit terbesar menghasilkan limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) yang kaya akan selulosa, namun pemanfaatannya masih terbatas. TKKS berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber selulosa untuk menghasilkan nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) melalui pretreatment (delignifikasi–bleaching hingga α-selulosa) dan hidrolisis asam asetat. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh konsentrasi asam asetat 2–10% (v/v) dan waktu hidrolisis 2, 4, dan 6 jam pada 160°C (reaktor autoklaf) terhadap rendemen dan karakter produk. Setelah hidrolisis, suspensi dicuci, disentrifugasi, disonikasi, dinetralkan hingga pH 7, lalu freeze-dried menjadi serbuk. Yield CNC berada pada kisaran tinggi (±78–87% untuk 2 jam; 84–86% untuk 4 jam; 80–85% untuk 6 jam). PSA menunjukkan ukuran partikel (Z-average) masih pada rentang nano (±421–1604 nm) dengan kecenderungan fragmentasi dan re-aglomerasi bergantung kondisi. Zeta potential berkisar −16,9 hingga −22,8 mV (data 2 dan 4 jam) yang mengindikasikan kestabilan dispersi sedang, sementara konduktivitas relatif rendah. FTIR mempertahankan pita khas selulosa, XRD menunjukkan selulosa tipe I dengan peningkatan keteraturan kristalin dan CI pada kisaran ±56–75%, serta SEM memperlihatkan morfologi yang masih cenderung beragregasi. Secara keseluruhan, hidrolisis asam asetat meningkatkan fraksi kristalin selulosa TKKS dan menghasilkan material nanocrystalline cellulose dengan yield tinggi, namun optimasi lanjutan masih diperlukan untuk mencapai CNC nano murni.
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Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), also known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), is a nanoscale cellulose-based material with high mechanical strength, large specific surface area, and biodegradability, making it promising for applications in polymer composites, food systems, energy technologies, and biomedicine. As the world’s largest palm oil producer, Indonesia generates abundant oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) waste that is rich in cellulose, yet its utilization remains limited. OPEFB can be valorized as a cellulose feedstock to produce nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) through pretreatment (delignification–bleaching to obtain α-cellulose) followed by acetic-acid hydrolysis. This study evaluated the effects of acetic acid concentration (2–10% v/v) and hydrolysis time (2, 4, and 6 h) at 160°C in an autoclave reactor on product yield and characteristics. After hydrolysis, the suspension was washed, centrifuged, ultrasonicated, neutralized to pH 7, and freeze-dried to obtain CNC powder. The CNC yield remained high (≈78–87% for 2 h; 84–86% for 4 h; and 80–85% for 6 h). Particle size analysis (PSA) indicated that the Z-average particle size was still within the nano-to-submicron range (≈421–1604 nm), with evidence of fragmentation and re-agglomeration depending on processing conditions. The zeta potential ranged from −16.9 to −22.8 mV (2 and 4 h data), suggesting moderate dispersion stability, while conductivity values were relatively low. FTIR spectra retained the characteristic cellulose bands, and XRD confirmed cellulose I with improved structural ordering and a crystallinity index (CI) of approximately 56–75%; SEM images further revealed a morphology that remained partially agglomerated. Overall, acetic-acid hydrolysis increased the crystalline fraction of OPEFB-derived cellulose and produced nanocrystalline cellulose with high yield; however, further optimization is required to achieve well-dispersed, truly nanoscale CNC.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Nanocrystalline cellulose, tandan kosong kelapa sawit, hidrolisis asam, FTIR, Zeta Potential, stabilitas dispersi ============================================================ nanocrystalline cellulose, oil palm empty fruit bunch, acid hydrolysis, FTIR, Zeta Potential, dispersion stability
Subjects:	T Technology > T Technology (General) T Technology > TP Chemical technology T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP1140 Polymers T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP248 Nanogels. Nanoparticles.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology > Chemical Engineering > 24101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Hafid Abdul
Date Deposited:	03 Feb 2026 00:58
Last Modified:	03 Feb 2026 00:58
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/131767

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