Simulasi Proses Sulfidasi Berdasarkan Variasi Mass Flow dan Ketinggian Bed untuk Optimasi Sulfur yang Terfiksasi Menggunakan Metode Computational Fluid Dynamic

Nuradi, Muhamad Maulana (2026) Simulasi Proses Sulfidasi Berdasarkan Variasi Mass Flow dan Ketinggian Bed untuk Optimasi Sulfur yang Terfiksasi Menggunakan Metode Computational Fluid Dynamic. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

Text 5011221029-Undergraduate_Thesis.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only Download (2MB) | Request a copy

Abstract

Industri ekstraksi nikel dituntut menerapkan proses yang lebih efisien dan ramah lingkungan sejalan dengan Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ke-9, ke-12, dan ke-13. Salah satu tantangan utama pada pirometalurgi nikel adalah emisi sulfur dioksida (SO₂) akibat sulfur yang belum terfiksasi secara optimal pada tahap sulfidasi calcine. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model numerik berbasis Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) menggunakan COMSOL Multiphysics untuk mensimulasikan proses sulfidasi dalam sistem reaksi gas–padat pada reaktor packed bed, dengan memvariasikan mass flow gas sulfur (1,1×10⁻⁸; 5,1×10⁻⁸; dan 9,1×10⁻⁸ kg/s) dan ketinggian bed calcine (3/10 L, 1/2 L, 7/10 L, dan 1 L). Model mengintegrasikan aliran fluida (Free and Porous Media Flow), transport spesies (Transport of Diluted Species), dan reaksi permukaan gas–padat pembentuk NiS dan FeS. Validasi terhadap data eksperimen PT Vale Indonesia menghasilkan rata-rata error sebesar 9,42%. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan mass flow meningkatkan pressure drop secara signifikan (dari 451 Pa menjadi 3.740 Pa pada bed penuh) dan menambah total sulfur terfiksasi secara absolut, namun menurunkan efisiensi pemanfaatan sulfur akibat berkurangnya residence time. Sebaliknya, peningkatan tinggi bed secara konsisten meningkatkan sulfur terfiksasi (hingga 19,4%) dan menghasilkan distribusi reaksi yang lebih homogen mendekati profil plug flow ideal. Kondisi operasi optimum diperoleh pada mass flow 5,1×10⁻⁸ kg/s dengan tinggi bed 7/10 L, yang memberikan keseimbangan terbaik antara total sulfur terfiksasi, efisiensi reaktan, residence time, dan pressure drop. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan dasar teknis untuk mendukung transisi sistem injeksi sulfur cair menuju sistem gas–solid reaction yang lebih efisien guna menurunkan potensi emisi SO₂ pada industri nikel berbasis RKEF.
=====================================================================================================================================
The nickel extraction industry is required to adopt more efficient and environmentally friendly processes in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9, 12, and 13. One of the main challenges in nickel pyrometallurgy is sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission resulting from sulfur that is not optimally fixed during the calcine sulfidation stage. This study aims to develop a numerical model based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the sulfidation process in a gas–solid reaction system within a packed bed reactor, by varying the sulfur gas mass flow rate (1.1×10⁻⁸, 5.1×10⁻⁸, and 9.1×10⁻⁸ kg/s) and the calcine bed height (3/10 L, 1/2 L, 7/10 L, and 1 L). The model integrates fluid flow (Free and Porous Media Flow), species transport (Transport of Diluted Species), and gas–solid surface reactions forming NiS and FeS. Validation against experimental data from PT Vale Indonesia yielded an average error of 9.42%. Simulation results show that increasing mass flow significantly raises pressure drop (from 451 Pa to 3,740 Pa at full bed height) and increases the absolute amount of fixed sulfur, but reduces sulfur utilization efficiency due to shorter residence time. Conversely, increasing bed height consistently improves sulfur fixation (up to 19.4%) and produces a more homogeneous reaction distribution approaching an ideal plug flow profile. The optimum operating condition was found at a mass flow of 5.1×10⁻⁸ kg/s with a bed height of 7/10 L, offering the best balance between total fixed sulfur, reactant efficiency, residence time, and pressure drop. These findings provide a technical basis for supporting the transition from liquid sulfur injection to a more efficient gas–solid reaction system to reduce SO₂ emission potential in RKEF-based nickel industries

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Sulfidasi, Fiksasi Sulfur, Emisi SO₂, Ketinggian Bed, Mass Flow, Reaksi Gas–Padat, Packed Bed Reactor, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Sulfidation, Sulfur Fixation, SO₂ Emission, Bed Height, Mass Flow Rate, Gas–Solid Reaction, Packed Bed Reactor
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) > TA357 Computational fluid dynamics. Fluid Mechanics T Technology > TN Mining engineering. Metallurgy > TN799.N6 Nickel--Metallurgy T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155.7 Chemical processes.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Material & Metallurgical Engineering > 28201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Muhamad Maulana Nuradi
Date Deposited:	23 Jul 2026 06:43
Last Modified:	23 Jul 2026 06:43
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/136512

Actions (login required)

View Item