Pengaruh Tingkat Salinitas Tanah terhadap Efektivitas Biochar Sekam Padi Teraktivasi H₃PO₄ dan KOH dalam Menurunkan Bioavailabilitas Kadmium (Cd)

Bratandari, Agridhia Renanta (2026) Pengaruh Tingkat Salinitas Tanah terhadap Efektivitas Biochar Sekam Padi Teraktivasi H₃PO₄ dan KOH dalam Menurunkan Bioavailabilitas Kadmium (Cd). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Meningkatnya pencemaran kadmium (Cd) pada tanah pertanian telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran terhadap keamanan pangan dan kesehatan masyarakat karena tingginya akumulasi Cd pada beras, termasuk di Indonesia. Tingginya bioavailabilitas Cd menyebabkan Cd mudah diserap oleh tanaman padi dan berpotensi masuk ke rantai makanan. Di sisi lain, salinitas tanah, terutama pada lahan sawah irigasi dan wilayah pesisir, diketahui dapat meningkatkan mobilitas dan bioavailabilitas Cd melalui perubahan sifat fisikokimia tanah. Biochar sekam padi teraktivasi H₃PO₄ dan KOH merupakan salah satu teknologi remediasi yang berpotensi mengimobilisasi Cd, namun kajian mengenai pengaruh salinitas terhadap efektivitas kedua jenis biochar tersebut masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh salinitas tanah terhadap bioavailabilitas Cd, membandingkan efektivitas biochar sekam padi teraktivasi H₃PO₄ dan KOH, serta mengevaluasi interaksi antara keduanya dalam menurunkan bioavailabilitas Cd.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen laboratorium dengan spiked soil menggunakan CdCl₂·H₂O sebesar 50 mg/kg serta perlakuan salinitas 0‰, 5‰, dan 10‰ NaCl. Biochar sekam padi teraktivasi H₃PO₄ dan KOH diaplikasikan sebanyak 2% (b/b), kemudian diinkubasi selama 30 hari. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi pH tanah, electrical conductivity (EC), dan Cd (bioavailable) menggunakan metode ekstraksi CaCl₂ 0,01 M. Data dianalisis menggunakan Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh salinitas, jenis biochar, dan interaksi keduanya.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat salinitas tanah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan bioavailabilitas Cd (p = 0,003), yang ditunjukkan oleh meningkatnya kadar fraksi Cd bioavailable pada salinitas yang lebih tinggi akibat peningkatan kekuatan ionik, kompetisi kation, dan pembentukan kompleks Cd–Cl yang lebih larut. Jenis aktivasi biochar juga berpengaruh sangat signifikan terhadap bioavailabilitas Cd (p < 0,001), di mana biochar sekam padi teraktivasi KOH lebih efektif dalam menurunkan bioavailabilitas Cd dibandingkan biochar teraktivasi H₃PO₄. Peningkatan efektivitas tersebut diduga berkaitan dengan karakteristik fisik dan kimia biochar hasil aktivasi KOH, seperti luas permukaan spesifik, volume pori, kapasitas tukar kation, serta keberadaan gugus karbonil (C=O) yang meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsi dan imobilisasi Cd. Selain itu, tidak terdapat interaksi yang signifikan antara tingkat salinitas tanah dan jenis aktivasi biochar (p = 0,289 > 0,05), yang menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh kedua faktor terhadap bioavailabilitas Cd berlangsung secara independen.
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Increasing cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils has become a major concern for food safety and public health due to the elevated accumulation of Cd in rice, including in Indonesia. The high bioavailability of Cd facilitates its uptake by rice plants, increasing the risk of its entry into the food chain. Meanwhile, increasing soil salinity, particularly in irrigated paddy fields and coastal areas, is known to enhance Cd mobility and bioavailability by altering the physicochemical properties of soil. H₃PO₄- and KOH-activated rice husk biochar is a promising remediation material for Cd immobilization. However, studies investigating the influence of soil salinity on the effectiveness of these activated biochars remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of soil salinity on Cd bioavailability, compare the effectiveness of H₃PO₄- and KOH-activated rice husk biochar, and evaluate the interaction between soil salinity and biochar activation type in reducing Cd bioavailability.
A laboratory experiment was conducted using Cd-spiked soil amended with CdCl₂·H₂O at a concentration of 50 mg kg⁻¹ and subjected to salinity treatments of 0‰, 5‰, and 10‰ NaCl. H₃PO₄- and KOH-activated rice husk biochar were applied at a rate of 2% (w/w) and incubated for 30 days. The analyzed parameters included soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and bioavailable Cd determined using the 0.01 M CaCl₂ extraction method. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (Two-Way ANOVA) to evaluate the effects of salinity, biochar activation type, and their interaction.
The results showed that soil salinity had a significant effect on increasing Cd bioavailability (p = 0.003), as indicated by higher concentrations of the bioavailable Cd fraction at higher salinity levels due to increased ionic strength, cation competition, and the formation of more soluble Cd–Cl complexes. The type of biochar activation also had a highly significant effect on Cd bioavailability (p < 0.001), with KOH-activated rice husk biochar being more effective in reducing Cd bioavailability than H₃PO₄-activated biochar. This enhanced performance was attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of KOH-activated biochar, including its higher specific surface area, pore volume, cation exchange capacity, and the presence of carbonyl (C=O) functional groups, which enhanced Cd adsorption and immobilization. Furthermore, no significant interaction was observed between soil salinity and biochar activation type (p = 0.289 > 0.05), indicating that both factors independently influenced Cd bioavailability.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Bioavailabilitas, Biochar Sekam Padi, Kadmium, Salinitas Tanah, Tanah Tercemar, Bioavailability, Cadmium, Contaminated Soil, Rice Husk Biochar, Soil Salinity
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD878.47 Soil remediation
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Agridhia Renanta Bratandari
Date Deposited:	24 Jul 2026 02:49
Last Modified:	24 Jul 2026 02:53
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/136729

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