Putri, Riska Ayu Ramadhana and Valentino, Rafi F. J (2026) Pengembangan Double Network Hydrogel Berbasis Κ-Carrageenan/Polyvinyl-Alcohol/ Hydroxyapatite : Studi Rasio Blending Terhadap Sifat Fisik, Kimia, Antibakteri, Dan Bioaktivitas. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Cedera osteokondral pada lutut melibatkan kerusakan tulang rawan artikular dan tulang subkondral, yang umumnya disebabkan oleh trauma atau aktivitas olahraga serta dapat berkembang menjadi nyeri kronis, gangguan fungsi, dan percepatan osteoartritis. Di Indonesia, gangguan muskuloskeletal mencapai 7,3%, dengan keluhan lutut sebagai cedera tersering kedua. Meskipun terapi autograft dan allograft telah digunakan secara klinis, efektivitasnya masih terbatas akibat morbiditas donor dan rendahnya integrasi jaringan, sehingga diperlukan material biomimetik yang mampu mendukung regenerasi osteokondral jangka panjang. Dalam penelitian ini, dikembangkan double network (DN) hydrogel berbasis oxidized κ-carrageenan (OKC) dan polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) yang diperkuat dengan hidroksiapatit (HAp) yang berasal dari limbah cangkang rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) untuk meningkatkan osteokonduktivitas, bioaktivitas, dan performa mekanik. Analisis FTIR mengonfirmasi keberhasilan sintesis melalui terbentuknya ikatan kovalen dinamis ganda, yaitu Schiff base antara OKC-kolagen dan borate-diol antara PVA-boraks. Secara fisikokimia, peningkatan komposisi PVA menaikkan volumetric swelling hingga 118%, sedangkan penambahan HAp berfungsi menekan swelling hingga 103% dan menstabilkan laju degradasi. Sebaliknya, peningkatan OKC sedikit mempercepat laju degradasi hidrolitik matriks. Kombinasi ikatan dinamis tersebut memberikan kemampuan self-healing secara otonom tanpa intervensi eksternal. Pada pengujian in vitro, hidrogel terbukti bioaktif yang ditandai oleh lonjakan presipitasi lapisan apatite setelah 14 hari direndam dalam Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). Pengujian antibakteri membuktikan material ini memiliki spektrum hambat yang luas, di mana rasio optimal OKC (6/2/5) menghasilkan zona hambat 13 mm terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan 10,4 mm terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, Bilayer DN hydrogel OKC/PVA/HAp memiliki potensi sebagai scaffold biomimetik tangguh dan anti-infeksi untuk perbaikan jaringan osteokondral pada lutut
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Osteochondral injuries of the knee involve simultaneous damage to the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, frequently caused by trauma or sports-related activities, and often lead to chronic pain, functional impairment, and accelerated osteoarthritis. In Indonesia, musculoskeletal disorders account for 7.3% of health complaints, with knee injuries being the second most frequent. Although autograft and allograft therapies are clinically applied, their effectiveness is limited by donor-site morbidity and poor tissue integration, highlighting the need for biomimetic materials capable of supporting long-term osteochondral regeneration. In this study, a double-network (DN) hydrogel based on oxidized κ-carrageenan (OKC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was developed and reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from crab shell waste (*Portunus pelagicus*) to improve osteoconductivity, bioactivity, and mechanical performance. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed successful synthesis through the formation of two dynamic covalent bonds, namely Schiff base bonds (between OKC and collagen) and borate–diol bonds (between PVA and borax). Physicochemical characterization showed that increasing the PVA composition enhanced volumetric swelling by up to 118%, whereas the addition of HAp reduced swelling to 103% and stabilized the degradation rate. In contrast, increasing the OKC content slightly accelerated the hydrolytic degradation of the matrix. The combination of these dynamic covalent bonds endowed the hydrogel with autonomous self-healing capability without external intervention. In vitro testing demonstrated that the hydrogel was bioactive, as evidenced by a significant increase in apatite layer precipitation after 14 days of immersion in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). Antibacterial assays further revealed a broad inhibitory spectrum, with the optimal OKC composition (6/2/5) producing inhibition zones of 13 mm against *Staphylococcus aureus* and 10.4 mm against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. Based on these findings, the bilayer OKC/PVA/HAp DN hydrogel shows strong potential as a robust, biomimetic, and anti-infective scaffold for osteochondral tissue repair in the knee.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP1140 Polymers T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP248 Nanogels. Nanoparticles. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Vocational > 24305-Industrial Chemical Engineering Technology |
| Depositing User: | Riska Ayu Ramadana Putri |
| Date Deposited: | 27 Jul 2026 04:29 |
| Last Modified: | 27 Jul 2026 04:29 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/137423 |
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