Rancang Bangun Muffle Furnace Menggunakan Sensor Termokopel Tipe K dan Pengontrol Suhu Berbasis PID

Putra, Alvin Fajar (2026) Rancang Bangun Muffle Furnace Menggunakan Sensor Termokopel Tipe K dan Pengontrol Suhu Berbasis PID. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Pengembangan material maju memerlukan peran perangkat pemanas untuk menunjang kebutuhan perlakuan panas (heat treatment). Dalam hal tersebut, muffle furnace elektrik banyak digunakan. Namun, kontrol suhunya menjadi tantangan karena inersia termal besar, respons lambat, dan waktu tunda. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang bangun muffle furnace menggunakan sensor termokopel tipe K dan pengontrol suhu berbasis PID (Proporsional-Integral-Derivatif), memperoleh model First-Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) sebagai representasi karakteristik dinamiknya, serta membandingkan kinerja berbagai skema tuning PID. Sistem dibangun menggunakan elemen pemanas Kanthal, solid state relay sebagai aktuator, dan pengontrol TCN4S-24R. Model FOPDT diperoleh dari uji open loop step response dengan daya konstan 25%. Kemudian, parameter modelnya diekstrak melalui metode grafis. Empat skema tuning utama dievaluasi berdasarkan overshoot, rise time, settling time, dan steady-state error di setiap setpoint yang ditentukan. Hasil validasi menunjukkan pembacaan sensor bersifat linear terhadap referensi dengan koefisien determinasi (R2) senilai 0,9999. Parameter model yang diperoleh adalah penguatan proses (K) sebesar 16,44 °C/%, konstanta waktu (τ) sebesar 2852 detik, dan waktu tunda (θ) sebesar 39 detik dengan koefisien determinasi (R2) senilai 0,9885. Pengujian menunjukkan overshoot besar hanya muncul pada setpoint 100 °C untuk skema tuning agresif (hingga 30%), sedangkan pada setpoint 300 °C dan 500 °C, seluruh skema menghasilkan overshoot <1%. Skema AT3 (auto-tuning ke setpoint 100 °C) memberikan keseimbangan terbaik antara overshoot rendah dan settling time cepat.
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The development of advanced materials necessitates heating devices to facilitate heat treatment processes. Electric muffle furnaces are widely utilized for this purpose. However, temperature control remains a challenge due to significant thermal inertia, slow response rates, and dead time. This study aims to design and implement a muffle furnace utilizing a K-type thermocouple sensor and a PID temperature controller, to obtain a First-Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) model representing its dynamic characteristics, and to compare the performance of various PID tuning schemes. The system was constructed using a Kanthal heating element, a solid state relay as the actuator, and a TCN4S-24R controller. The FOPDT model was obtained through an open loop step response test at a 25% constant power. Subsequently, the model parameters were extracted via a graphical method. The four main tuning schemes were evaluated based on rise time, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error at each specified setpoint. Validation results indicated that the sensor readings were linear with respect to the reference, yielding a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. The derived model parameters were static process gain (K) of 16.44 °C/%, time constant (τ) of 2852 seconds, and dead time (θ) of 39 seconds with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9885. Experimental testing showed that large overshoots occurred only at a setpoint of 100 °C under aggressive tuning schemes (up to 30%), whereas at a setpoint of 300 °C and 500 °C all schemes produced overshoots of <1%. The AT3 scheme (auto-tuned at 100 °C) provided the best balance between low overshoot and fast settling time.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Identifikasi Sistem, Model FOPDT, Muffle Furnace, Pengontrol PID, Termokopel Tipe K, FOPDT Model, Muffle Furnace, PID Controller, System Identification, Type K Thermocouple.
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics > QC271 Temperature measurements Q Science > QC Physics > QC320 Heat transfer T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ223 PID controllers
Divisions:	Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Physics > 45201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Alvin Fajar Putra
Date Deposited:	27 Jul 2026 08:34
Last Modified:	27 Jul 2026 08:34
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/138150

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