Aziza, Silvia Nur (2026) Studi Karakteristik Struktur, Morfologi, dan Porositas Hard Carbon-Like Berbasis Sekam Padi pada Variasi Suhu Pirolisis untuk Aplikasi Elektroda pada Baterai Ion Sodium. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Kebutuhan energi yang terus meningkat mendorong pengembangan sistem penyimpanan energi yang efisien dan berkelanjutan. Baterai ion sodium (SIB) menjadi salah satu alternatif menjanjikan karena ketersediaan natrium yang melimpah dan biaya yang relatif rendah. Hard carbon berbasis biomassa, khususnya sekam padi, berpotensi digunakan sebagai material anoda SIB karena memiliki struktur amorf, jarak antar lapisan yang besar, serta porositas yang mendukung penyimpanan ion Na⁺. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi suhu pirolisis terhadap struktur kristal, morfologi permukaan, komposisi unsur, dan karakteristik porositas hard carbon-like berbasis sekam padi. Sintesis dilakukan melalui proses karbonisasi dan pirolisis pada suhu 500, 700, 800, 900, dan 1000°C selama 3 jam. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD, SEM-EDS, dan BET. Hasil XRD menunjukkan seluruh sampel memiliki struktur hard carbon-like amorf dengan nilai d002 pada rentang 0,39–0,409 nm yang lebih besar dibandingkan grafit komersial (0,335 nm), sehingga berpotensi mendukung interkalasi ion Na⁺. Hasil SEM menunjukkan morfologi permukaan berpori dengan struktur yang semakin berkembang seiring peningkatan suhu pirolisis, sedangkan EDS mengidentifikasi unsur utama berupa C, O, dan Si. Hasil BET menunjukkan seluruh sampel memiliki isoterm adsorpsi–desorpsi tipe II dengan hysteresis loop H3 yang mengindikasikan keberadaan mikro–mesopori. Luas permukaan spesifik meningkat dari 176,23 m²/g pada HC-500 menjadi maksimum 208,15 m²/g pada HC-800, kemudian menurun menjadi 134,44 m²/g pada HC-1000. Distribusi ukuran pori didominasi mikropori sekitar 10 Å yang disertai mesopori pada rentang 20–500 Å. Berdasarkan hubungan struktur kristal, morfologi, komposisi unsur, dan porositas, sampel HC-800 menunjukkan karakteristik paling optimal dengan volume adsorpsi maksimum 87,75 cm³/g STP dan luas permukaan spesifik tertinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu pirolisis 800°C merupakan kondisi optimum untuk menghasilkan hard carbon-like sekam padi yang paling berpotensi sebagai material anoda baterai sodium-ion.
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The increasing demand for energy has driven the development of efficient and sustainable energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundant availability and lower cost of sodium resources. Biomass-derived hard carbon particularly from rice husk, has significant potential as an anode material for SIBs because of its amorphous structure, enlarged interlayer spacing, and porous characteristics that facilitate Na⁺ storage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the crystal structure, surface morphology, elemental composition, and porosity characteristics of rice husk-based hard carbon-like. Hard carbon-like was synthesized through carbonization followed by pyrolysis at 500, 700, 800, 900, and 1000°C for 3 h. Characterization was conducted using XRD, SEM-EDS and BET. XRD results showed that all samples exhibited a typical amorphous hard carbon-like structure with d₀₀₂ values ranging from 0.397 to 0.409 nm, which are larger than that of commercial graphite (0.335 nm), indicating favorable interlayer spacing for Na⁺ intercalation. SEM observations revealed porous surface morphologies that became more developed with increasing pyrolysis temperature, while EDS analysis identified carbon, oxygen, and silicon as the major elements. BET analysis demonstrated that all samples exhibited Type II adsorption-desorption isotherms with H3 hysteresis loops, indicating the presence of micro–mesoporous structures. The specific surface area increased from 176.23 m²/g (HC-500) to 205.83 m²/g (HC-700), reached a maximum of 208.15 m²/g (HC-800), then decreased to 193.87 m²/g (HC-900) and 134.44 m²/g (HC-1000). Pore size distribution was dominated by micropores around 10 Å accompanied by mesopores within the range of 20–500 Å. Based on the correlation between crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition, and porosity, HC-800 exhibited the most favorable characteristics, with the highest nitrogen adsorption capacity of 87.75 cm³/g STP and the largest specific surface area. Therefore, a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C was identified as the optimum condition for producing rice husk-based hard carbon-like with the greatest potential as a sodium-ion battery anode material.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Baterai Sodium-Ion, Hard Carbon, Morfologi, Porositas, Sekam Padi, Sodium-Ion Battery, Hard Carbon, Morphology, Porosity, Rice Husk |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QC Physics > QC162 Adsorption and absorption Q Science > QC Physics > QC610.3 Electric conductivity Q Science > QC Physics > QC701 Electric discharges--Measurement. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Physics > 45201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Silvia Nur Aziza |
| Date Deposited: | 01 Aug 2026 03:34 |
| Last Modified: | 01 Aug 2026 03:34 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/138601 |
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