Syafi', Zaidan Ain Nur and Anjani, Jessika Zelita (2026) Optimalisasi Sintesis Hidroksiapatit Dari Cangkang Keong Sawah (pila ampullacea) Menggunakan Metode Ultrasound Assisted Precipitation Dengan Respons Surface Methodology (RSM). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Hidroksiapatit (HAp) merupakan biokeramik berbasis kalsium fosfat dengan rumus kimia Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ yang memiliki kemiripan tinggi dengan komponen mineral penyusun tulang dan gigi manusia, sehingga banyak diaplikasikan dalam bidang biomedis. Pemanfaatan cangkang keong sawah (pila ampullacea) menjadi alternatif yang berpotensi untuk menghasilkan hidroksiapatit secara berkelanjutan. Proyek akhir ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kebutuhan akan metode sintesis hidroksiapatit yang efisien dengan karakteristik fisik dan kimia yang optimal, khususnya rasio antara kalsium dengan fosfat, diperlukan suatu pendekatan optimasi yang mampu mengendalikan pengaruh berbagai variabel proses secara sistematis. Sintesis hidroksiapatit dilakukan menggunakan metode ultrasound assisted precipitation dengan variasi parameter proses pada full factorial design yang meliputi konsentrasi H3PO4 0,5-2M , konsentrasi Ca(OH)2 0,5-2M, suhu sintering 700-1000°C, dan volume H3PO4 100-220mL. Optimalisasi kondisi sintesis dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan response surface methodology (RSM) untuk memperoleh kondisi operasi terbaik berdasarkan respon yang ditargetkan. Pada proses respons surface methodology, variasi parameter proses yang digunakan meliputi konsentrasi konsentrasi H3PO4 1-1,5M dan volume H3PO4 100-200mL. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari proyek akhir ini adalah untuk menentukan kombinasi kondisi proses yang optimum dalam menghasilkan rasio Ca/P hidroksiapatit yang mendekati nilai stoikiometri menggunakan response surface methodology (RSM), menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi H₃PO₄, konsentrasi Ca(OH)2, suhu sintering dan volume H3PO4 terhadap rasio Ca/P hidroksiapatit yang disintesis dari cangkang keong sawah (pila ampullacea) menggunakan metode ultrasound assisted precipitation, serta menyusun model matematis hubungan antara variabel proses dan respon rasio Ca/P sebagai dasar optimasi sintesis hidroksiapatit. Pada tahapan Full Factorial Design (FFD), diperoleh bahwa konsentrasi H₃PO₄ merupakan variabel yang paling signifikan memengaruhi rasio Ca/P dengan efek negatif. Variabel berikutnya adalah konsentrasi Ca(OH)₂ dengan efek positif, diikuti suhu sintering dan volume H₃PO₄ yang juga berefek negatif. Pada tahap Central Composite Design (CCD), dipilih konsentrasi dan volume H₃PO₄ sebagai faktor optimasi untuk mengatur rasio Ca/P secara stoikiometri. CCD menghasilkan kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi H₃PO₄ 1,210 M dan volume 152,55 mL. Hasil validasi menghasilkan rasio Ca/P sebesar 1,6 dengan error 4,19% terhadap nilai prediksi (1,67). Karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan hidroksiapatit dengan kristalinitas 96,46% dan ukuran kristalit 30,18-36,42 nm dengan rata-rata 32,41 nm. Karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan morfologi partikel tidak beraturan (irregular) dan teraglomerasi. Distribusi diameter partikel berada pada kisaran 135-350 nm, dengan frekuensi tertinggi pada 225-250 nm, sehingga sebagian besar partikel memiliki ukuran relatif seragam dengan rata-rata sekitar 230 nm.
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Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a calcium phosphate-based bioceramic with the chemical formula Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ that closely resembles the mineral component of human bone and teeth, making it widely applicable in biomedical fields. Rice snail (Pila ampullacea) shells represent a promising and sustainable alternative source for hydroxyapatite production. This final project was motivated by the need for an efficient hydroxyapatite synthesis method capable of producing optimal physical and chemical characteristics, particularly the calcium-to-phosphate (Ca/P) ratio. Therefore, a systematic optimization approach was required to evaluate and control the effects of multiple process variables. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized using the ultrasound-assisted precipitation method. The Full Factorial Design (FFD) investigated four process variables: H₃PO₄ concentration (0.5-2.0 M), Ca(OH)₂ concentration (0.5-2.0 M), sintering temperature (700-1000°C), and H₃PO₄ volume (100-220 mL). Process optimization was subsequently performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the optimum operating conditions based on the targeted response. During the RSM stage, the investigated variables were H₃PO₄ concentration (1.0-1.5 M) and H₃PO₄ volume (100-200 mL).The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum combination of process conditions for obtaining a hydroxyapatite Ca/P ratio close to the stoichiometric value using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), to evaluate the effects of H₃PO₄ concentration, Ca(OH)₂ concentration, sintering temperature, and H₃PO₄ volume on the Ca/P ratio of hydroxyapatite synthesized from rice snail (Pila ampullacea) shells via ultrasound-assisted precipitation, and to develop a mathematical model describing the relationship between process variables and the Ca/P ratio as the basis for hydroxyapatite synthesis optimization. The Full Factorial Design (FFD) results indicated that H₃PO₄ concentration was the most significant factor affecting the Ca/P ratio, exhibiting a negative effect. The second most influential factor was Ca(OH)₂ concentration, which showed a positive effect, followed by sintering temperature and H₃PO₄ volume, both of which had negative effects. In the Central Composite Design (CCD) stage, H₃PO₄ concentration and H₃PO₄ volume were selected as the optimization variables to achieve a stoichiometric Ca/P ratio. The CCD predicted optimum conditions at an H₃PO₄ concentration of 1.210 M and an H₃PO₄ volume of 152.55 mL. Validation experiments produced a Ca/P ratio of 1.59, corresponding to an error of 4.79% relative to the predicted value (1.67). X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite with a crystallinity of 96.46%. The crystallite size, calculated using the Scherrer equation, ranged from 30.18 to 36.42 nm, with an average of 32.41 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed irregular and agglomerated particle morphology. The particle diameter distribution ranged from 135 to 350 nm, with the highest frequency within 225-250 nm, indicating that most particles were relatively uniform, with an average diameter of approximately 230 nm.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Hidroksiapatite, Metode Ultrasound Assisted Precipitation, Respons Surface Methodology, Hidroksiapatit, Metode Ultrasound Assisted Precipitation, Respons Surface Methodology. |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP155.7 Chemical processes. T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP245.C3 Calcium carbonate. |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Vocational > 24305-Industrial Chemical Engineering Technology |
| Depositing User: | Zaidan Ain Nur Syafi' |
| Date Deposited: | 29 Jul 2026 02:35 |
| Last Modified: | 29 Jul 2026 02:35 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/139200 |
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