Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengukuran Suhu Dan Tegangan Untuk Memperoleh Koefisien Seebeck Pada Material Termoelektrik

Maulana, Ryan Gatra (2026) Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengukuran Suhu Dan Tegangan Untuk Memperoleh Koefisien Seebeck Pada Material Termoelektrik. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Kebutuhan akan sumber energi alternatif yang berkelanjutan mendorong riset material termoelektrik sebagai teknologi konversi energi yang ramah lingkungan. Namun, pengujian sifat material termoelektrik, terutama pada koefisien Seebeck, membutuhkan instrumen dengan tingkat ketelitian yang sangat tinggi. Saat ini pengukuran terbatas pada instrumen skala industri dengan biaya tinggi, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk merancang alat ukur suhu dan tegangan berbiaya rendah yang dikhususkan untuk mencari nilai koefisien Seebeck untuk mendukung riset pendidikan. Sistem ini menggunakan Arduino Uno dengan algoritma PI untuk menstabilkan suhu elemen pemanas PTC Ceramic Heater dan pendingin modul Peltier TEC1-12706. Pengukuran suhu menggunakan termokopel tipe-T dan MAX31856 untuk sampel dan termokopel tipe-K dan MAX6675 untuk pemanas dan pendingin. Karena tegangan yang diukur pada material sangat kecil, alat ukur menggunakan ADS1220 (ADC 24-bit) untuk membantu pembacaan tegangan. Proses pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode Diferensial (Steady-state) untuk mengisolasi koefisien Seebeck dari tegangan parasit. Kalibrasi sensor menghasilkan akurasi termokopel tipe-K 93% dan 99%, serta termokopel tipe-T pada suhu panas sebesar 97,73% dan 98,1%, sedangkan pada suhu dingin sebesar 98,82%. Pengujian pada material ITO as-deposited dan MoS2/ITO dianalisis menggunakan metode regresi linier antara gradien suhu (ΔT) dan tegangan Seebeck (ΔV). Analisis regresi dari kedua pengujian tersebut menunjukkan tingkat linearitas yang sangat tinggi dengan nilai koefisien determinasi (R²) mendekati 0,99. Berdasarkan perhitungan gradien kemiringan, material ITO as-deposited menghasilkan nilai koefisien Seebeck sebesar 18,949 µV/°C yang sangat mendekati nilai referensi (17-19 µV/°C). Pengujian pada material MoS2/ITO menghasilkan koefisien Seebeck sebesar 101,53 µV/°C. Perbedaan hasil MoS2/ITO dibandingkan dengan nilai referensi (200-300 µV/°C) murni disebabkan oleh asimetri geometri sampel yang membatasi kualitas pemerataan kontak termal. Keseluruhan hasil ini membuktikan bahwa instrumen hasil rancang bangun terbukti valid, andal, dan mampu mengukur koefisien Seebeck dengan sangat baik.
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The demand for sustainable alternative energy sources has driven extensive research into thermoelectric materials as an eco-friendly energy conversion technology. However, characterizing thermoelectric properties—particularly the Seebeck coefficient—requires instruments with exceptionally high measurement precision. Currently, such measurements are largely restricted to high-cost, industrial-scale instrumentation. Therefore, this study aims to design a low-cost temperature and voltage measurement instrument specifically tailored to determine the Seebeck coefficient to support early-stage educational research. The system utilizes an Arduino Uno microcontroller equipped with a Proportional-Integral (PI) control algorithm to stabilize the thermal output of a PTC ceramic heater and a TEC1-12706 Peltier cooling module. Temperature acquisition is performed using Type-T thermocouples interfaced with MAX31856 amplifiers for the thin-film sample, and Type-K thermocouples with MAX6675 amplifiers for the heating and cooling elements. Due to the microvolt-order electrical signals generated by the materials, a 24-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADS1220) is integrated for high-precision voltage acquisition. Data acquisition employs a steady-state differential method to effectively isolate the true Seebeck coefficient from parasitic offset voltages. Sensor calibration yielded accuracy rates of 93.00% and 99.00% for the Type-K thermocouples, while the Type-T thermocouples achieved accuracies of 97.73% and 98.10% at elevated temperatures, and 98.82% at cold temperatures. Testing on as-deposited ITO and MoS2/ITO materials was analyzed using a linear regression method between the temperature gradient (ΔT) and the Seebeck voltage (ΔV). Regression analysis from both tests exhibited a highly linear response with a coefficient of determination (R²) approaching 0.99. Based on the slope gradient calculation, the as-deposited ITO material yielded a Seebeck coefficient of 18.949 µV/°C, closely aligning with the reference value (17-19 µV/°C). Testing on the MoS2/ITO material produced a Seebeck coefficient of 101.53 µV/°C. A deviation in the MoS2/ITO result compared to the reference value (200-300 µV/°C) was primarily caused by the asymmetric geometry of the sample, which limited the quality of thermal contact distribution. Overall, these results prove that the designed instrument operates validly, reliably, and is highly capable of measuring the Seebeck coefficient.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Koefisien Seebeck, Metode Diferensial, Termoelektrik, Termokopel, Seebeck Coefficient, Differential Method, Thermoelectric, Thermocouple
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics > QC100.5 Measuring instruments (General) Q Science > QC Physics > QC271.8.C3 Calibration Q Science > QC Physics > QC271 Temperature measurements
Divisions:	Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Physics > 45201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Ryan Gatra Maulana
Date Deposited:	01 Aug 2026 03:56
Last Modified:	01 Aug 2026 03:56
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/140625

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