Simulasi Pendinginan Baterai Lithium-Ion Menggunakan Metode Hibrida : Phase Change Material dan Air Cooling

Sa'idah, Zahratus (2026) Simulasi Pendinginan Baterai Lithium-Ion Menggunakan Metode Hibrida : Phase Change Material dan Air Cooling. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Baterai lithium-ion banyak digunakan pada kendaraan listrik karena densitas energi yang tinggi, namun rentan mengalami kenaikan suhu berlebih yang dapat memicu thermal runaway jika tidak dikendalikan oleh Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh ketebalan Phase Change Material (PCM), kecepatan aliran udara, geometri inlet-outlet, dan posisi outlet terhadap penurunan temperatur serta performa pendinginan pada baterai lithium-ion 21700 menggunakan metode hibrida PCM dan air cooling. Simulasi dilakukan secara numerik berbasis Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) menggunakan ANSYS Fluent dengan pendekatan transient thermal dan model solidification-melting untuk merepresentasikan perubahan fase PCM berbasis parafin (RT42). Model numerik divalidasi terhadap data eksperimen dan numerik dari literatur, menghasilkan error di bawah 10%. Sebanyak 48 skenario simulasi dijalankan dengan variasi ketebalan PCM (0, 3, dan 6 mm), kecepatan aliran udara (0, 1,5, 3, dan 5 m/s), geometri inlet-outlet (Z-flow dan U-flow), serta posisi outlet (10 mm dan 40 mm dari batas atas). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa geometri Z-flow menghasilkan distribusi temperatur yang lebih merata dan performa pendinginan lebih tinggi dibandingkan U-flow karena hambatan aliran yang lebih kecil. Posisi outlet tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap performa pendinginan. Ketebalan PCM 3 mm memberikan performa pendinginan optimal, sedangkan PCM 6 mm meskipun memiliki kapasitas penyimpanan kalor laten lebih besar tidak selalu menghasilkan performa lebih baik akibat keterbatasan konduktivitas termal. Peningkatan kecepatan aliran udara terbukti menaikkan performa pendinginan melalui peningkatan koefisien konveksi, meskipun pada kecepatan di atas 3 m/s mulai terjadi gejala diminishing return. Konfigurasi terbaik dari 48 skenario yang dilakukan diperoleh pada geometri Z-flow dengan posisi outlet 10 mm, ketebalan PCM 3 mm, dan kecepatan aliran udara 5 m/s, menghasilkan temperatur akhir sebesar 48,77°C pada detik ke-900 dengan performa pendinginan sebesar 73,63%. Kombinasi PCM dan air cooling menunjukkan efek sinergis yang melampaui performa masing-masing metode tunggal, menjadikannya solusi BTMS yang potensial untuk aplikasi kendaraan listrik.
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Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high energy
density, yet they are prone to excessive temperature rise that can trigger thermal runaway if not
properly controlled by an adequate Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS). This study
aims to analyze the effect of Phase Change Material (PCM) thickness, air flow velocity, inlet
outlet geometry, and outlet position on temperature reduction and cooling performance of a
21700 lithium-ion battery using a hybrid PCM and air cooling method. Numerical simulations
were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with ANSYS Fluent, employing
a transient thermal approach and a solidification-melting model to represent the phase change
behavior of paraffin-based PCM (RT42). The numerical model was validated against
experimental and numerical data from the literature, yielding an error below 10%. A total of 48
simulation scenarios were conducted with variations in PCM thickness (0, 3, and 6 mm), air
flow velocity (0, 1.5, 3, and 5 m/s), inlet-outlet geometry (Z-flow and U-flow), and outlet
position (10 mm and 40 mm from the upper boundary). The results show that the Z-flow
geometry produces a more uniform temperature distribution and higher cooling performance
than the U-flow geometry due to lower flow resistance. Outlet position did not significantly
affect cooling performance. A PCM thickness of 3 mm provided the optimal cooling
performance, while 6 mm PCM, despite its larger latent heat storage capacity, did not always
yield better performance due to its limited thermal conductivity. Increasing air flow velocity
was shown to enhance cooling performance through an increased convection coefficient,
although a diminishing return effect emerged at velocities above 3 m/s. The best configuration
was obtained with the Z-flow geometry, an outlet position of 10 mm, a PCM thickness of 3
mm, and an air flow velocity of 5 m/s, resulting in a final temperature of 48.77°C at the 900th
second with a cooling performance of 73.63%. The combination of PCM and air cooling
exhibited a synergistic effect exceeding the performance of either single method, making it a
promising BTMS solution for electric vehicle applications.

Item Type:	Thesis (Other)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	air cooling, baterai lithium-ion, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), pendinginan hibrida, phase change material (PCM), air cooling, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), hybrid cooling, lithium-ion battery, phase change material (PCM)
Subjects:	Q Science > QC Physics Q Science > QC Physics > QC320 Heat transfer T Technology > T Technology (General) > T57.62 Simulation T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ165 Energy storage. T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ265.E23 Thermodynamics. T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics > TL220 Electric vehicles and their batteries, etc.
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology > Physics Engineering > 30201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Zahratus Sa'idah
Date Deposited:	04 Aug 2026 07:15
Last Modified:	04 Aug 2026 07:15
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/141555

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