Mekanisme Transportasi Ion Pada Membran Nanokomposit SPVA-FGO Dengan Gallium (III) Nitrate Untuk Baterai Air Laut

Angeline, Krystalynn Gracella (2026) Mekanisme Transportasi Ion Pada Membran Nanokomposit SPVA-FGO Dengan Gallium (III) Nitrate Untuk Baterai Air Laut. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya.

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Abstract

Pengembangan Cation Exchange Membrane dengan konduktivitas ionik tinggi dan stabilitas dimensi yang baik masih menjadi tantangan dalam pengembangan baterai air laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh modifikasi membran Sulfonated Poly(vinyl alcohol) (SPVA) menggunakan Graphene Oxide (GO), Phosphorylated Graphene oxide (FGO), dan Gallium (III) Nitrate terhadap struktur, sifat fisikokimia, konduktivitas ionik, serta mekanisme transport ion Na⁺. Membran disintesis menggunakan metode solution casting dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), serta pengujian Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC), Water Uptake, dan Swelling Ratio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi membran menghasilkan gugus sulfonat (–SO₃⁻), fosfat (–PO₃), serta pita serapan yang berkaitan dengan Ga–O. Perubahan tersebut diikuti oleh penurunan kristalinitas membran dari 60,1% menjadi 42,7%, serta peningkatan stabilitas termal setelah proses modifikasi. Kondisi tersebut disertai peningkatan Ion Exchange Capacity hingga 0,91 meq g⁻¹, Water Uptake sekitar 109%, dan penurunan Swelling Ratio menjadi sekitar 88%. Pengujian EIS menunjukkan bahwa membran SPVA-FGO dengan penambahan 2 wt% Gallium (III) nitrate menghasilkan konduktivitas ionik optimum sebesar 1,03 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ dengan energi aktivasi 24,46 kJ mol⁻¹. Penambahan Gallium diindikasikan mengubah mekanisme transport ion Na⁺ yang semula berlangsung melalui Site-to-site Hopping pada gugus sulfonat dan fosfat dalam membran SPVA-FGO menjadi Vehicular Transport melalui domain hidrofilik yang memfasilitasi migrasi ion Na⁺ terhidrasi. Penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), khususnya SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) melalui pengembangan membran elektrolit padat yang mendukung teknologi penyimpanan energi.
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The development of cation exchange membranes with high ionic conductivity and good dimensional stability remains a major challenge for seawater battery applications. This study aims to investigate the effect of modifying Sulfonated Poly (vinyl alcohol) (SPVA) membranes with Graphene Oxide (GO), Phosphorylated Graphene Oxide (FGO), and Gallium (III) Nitrate on their structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, ionic conductivity, and Na⁺ ion transport mechanism. The membranes were fabricated using the solution casting method and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), as well as Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC), Water Uptake, and Swelling Ratio measurements. The results showed that membrane modification introduced sulfonate (–SO₃⁻) and phosphate (–PO₃) functional groups, together with absorption bands associated with Ga–O bonding. These modifications led to a decrease in membrane crystallinity from 60.1% to 42.7%, accompanied by enhanced thermal stability after modification. The modified membranes also exhibited an increased ion exchange capacity of up to 0.91 meq g⁻¹, a water uptake of approximately 109%, and a reduced swelling ratio of approximately 88%. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed that the SPVA-FGO membrane containing 2 wt% Gallium (III) nitrate achieved the optimum ionic conductivity of 1.03 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ with an activation energy of 24.46 kJ mol⁻¹. The addition of Gallium was indicated to alter the Na⁺ ion transport mechanism from site-to-site hopping through sulfonate and phosphate groups in the SPVA-FGO membrane to vehicular transport through hydrophilic domains that facilitate the migration of hydrated Na⁺ ions. This study contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), by developing solid electrolyte membranes that support advanced energy storage technologies.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Kata kunci: Baterai air laut, Sulfonated Poly(vinyl alcohol), Phosphorylated Graphene Oxide, Gallium (III) Nitrate, Mekanisme transportasi ion. Keywords: Seawater battery, Sulfonated Poly(vinyl alcohol), Phosphorylated Graphene Oxide, Gallium (III) Nitrate, Ion transport mechanism.
Subjects:	Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD115 Electrochemical analysis Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD117.S64 Spectrophotometry Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD341.H9 Graphene Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD471 Chemical compounds - Structure and formulas Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD481 Chemical structure. Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD79.T38 Thermal analysis
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology > Physics Engineering > 30101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Krystalynn Gracella Angeline
Date Deposited:	02 Aug 2026 19:46
Last Modified:	02 Aug 2026 19:46
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/141674

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