Pirolisis Lambat Biomassa Dalam Self-Sustained Retort Kiln: Karakterisasi Biochar Untuk Aplikasi Co-firing

Wahyudi, Daffa Rasendriya Kresna (2026) Pirolisis Lambat Biomassa Dalam Self-Sustained Retort Kiln: Karakterisasi Biochar Untuk Aplikasi Co-firing. Masters thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Penerapan co-firing biomassa di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) merupakan strategi kunci transisi energi nasional, namun pemanfaatan biomassa mentah secara langsung masih terkendala fluktuasi pembakaran serta mutu biochar lokal yang belum optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja reaktor pirolisis lambat berbasis self-sustained retort kiln berkonfigurasi L-shaped fire tube dalam memproduksi biochar dari tempurung kelapa, kayu gamal, dan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Pengaruh jenis biomassa, temperatur pirolisis, dan waktu tinggal terhadap distribusi produk dievaluasi menggunakan Full Factorial Design. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan rendemen biochar tertinggi sebesar 44,21% diperoleh dari TKKS pada suhu 350°C akibat efek autokatalitik logam alkali, dengan pemodelan statistika yang menunjukkan akurasi tinggi (R^2 sebesar 0,9668). Kualitas bahan bakar optimum dicapai oleh tempurung kelapa pada suhu 550°C dan waktu tinggal 60 menit, ditandai dengan Nilai Kalor Atas (HHV) 27,31 MJ/kg, LHV 26,06 MJ/kg, fixed carbon 85,28%, serta volatile matter 2,46%, sehingga sangat layak untuk substitusi batubara. Lebih lanjut, penerapan self-sustained heating berbasis resirkulasi non-condensable gas (NCG) berhasil menurunkan konsumsi LPG eksternal menjadi 0,462–1,570 kg per batch, kendati nilai Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) pada rentang 8,53–51,63 MJ/kg mengindikasikan perlunya optimalisasi insulasi reaktor.
Kata kunci : Biomassa, Biochar, Pirolisis lambat, Self-sustained retort kiln, Co-firing, Full Factorial Design
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The application of biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants (PLTU) is a key strategy in the national energy transition; however, the direct utilization of raw biomass is still constrained by combustion fluctuations and the suboptimal quality of locally produced biochar. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a slow pyrolysis reactor based on a self-sustained retort kiln with an L-shaped fire tube configuration in producing biochar from coconut shell, gamal wood (Gliricidia sepium), and oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). The effects of biomass type, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time on product distribution were evaluated using a Full Factorial Design. Experimental results showed that the highest biochar yield of 44.21% was obtained from EFB at 350°C, attributed to the autocatalytic effect of alkali metals, with the statistical model demonstrating high accuracy (R² = 0.9668). Optimum fuel quality was achieved by coconut shell at 550°C and a residence time of 60 minutes, characterized by a Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 27.31 MJ/kg, LHV of 26.06 MJ/kg, fixed carbon of 85.28%, and volatile matter of 2.46%, making it highly suitable as a coal substitute. Furthermore, the application of self-sustained heating based on non-condensable gas (NCG) recirculation successfully reduced external LPG consumption to 0.462–1.570 kg per batch, although the Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) range of 8.53–51.63 MJ/kg indicates the need for further optimization of reactor insulation.
Keywords : Biomass, Biochar, Slow pyrolysis, Self-sustained retort kiln, Co-firing, Full Factorial Design

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Biomassa, Biochar, Pirolisis lambat, Self-sustained retort kiln, Co-firing, Full Factorial Design Biomass, Biochar, Slow pyrolysis, Self-sustained retort kiln, Co-firing, Full Factorial Design
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD195.B56 Biomass energy
Divisions:	Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering (INDSYS) > Chemical Engineering > 24101-(S2) Master Thesis
Depositing User:	Daffa Rasendriya Kresna Wahyudi
Date Deposited:	04 Aug 2026 10:08
Last Modified:	04 Aug 2026 10:08
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/143452

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