Maulita, Chintya Dian (2026) Sistem Kontrol Suhu Pada Mesin Pirolisis Terhadap Kantong Plastik Kapasitas 0,5 Kilogram Menggunakan Metode PID. Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Pirolisis merupakan proses konversi termokimia material organik melalui pemanasan pada suhu tinggi tanpa kehadiran oksigen yang menghasilkan produk berupa gas, cair, dan padatan. Proses pirolisis plastik dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif pengolahan limbah plastik, namun keberhasilannya dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan sistem dalam mencapai dan mempertahankan temperatur operasi yang sesuai, yaitu pada rentang 370-420°C untuk plastik Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik respons temperatur sistem serta merancang dan mengimplementasikan sistem kontrol temperatur reaktor menggunakan metode Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) dengan mikrokontroler ESP32-S3, sensor termokopel tipe-K yang terhubung dengan modul MAX6675, dan AC dimmer sebagai aktuator pengatur daya pemanas. Penentuan parameter pengendali dilakukan menggunakan metode tuning Ziegler-Nichols Tipe 1 dan Cohen-Coon, kemudian performa sistem dianalisis berdasarkan parameter Kp, Ki, Kd, rise time, overshoot, settling time, peak time, dan temperatur akhir. Hasil tuning Ziegler-Nichols Tipe 1 menghasilkan parameter Kp=4,456162, Ki=0,030574, dan Kd=162,371332, sedangkan metode Cohen–Coon menghasilkan Kp=5,117990, Ki=0,009490, dan Kd=458,459730. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa kedua metode menghasilkan overshoot sebesar 0% dan temperatur akhir yang mendekati setpoint 400 °C. Metode Ziegler-Nichols Tipe 1 menghasilkan settling time sebesar 161,620 detik dan peak time sebesar 722,950 detik, sedangkan metode Cohen-Coon menghasilkan settling time sebesar 604,220 detik dan peak time sebesar 3370,900 detik. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode Ziegler-Nichols Tipe 1 memberikan respons simulasi yang lebih cepat dalam mencapai kondisi tunak. Namun, implementasi pada sistem nyata memerlukan proses fine tuning untuk menyesuaikan parameter pengendali dengan karakteristik termal reaktor. Hasil pengujian sistem dengan parameter hasil fine tuning mampu mencapai temperatur 400 °C dalam waktu 944 detik dengan temperatur maksimum sebesar 418,75 °C. Pengujian proses pirolisis menggunakan 0,23 kg plastik LDPE menghasilkan produk cair berupa minyak pirolisis sebanyak 6 mL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan sistem kontrol PID mampu meningkatkan kemampuan pengendalian temperatur reaktor sehingga dapat mencapai temperatur operasi yang diperlukan dalam proses pirolisis plastik LDPE.
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Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion process in which organic materials are heated at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, producing gaseous, liquid, and solid products. Plastic pyrolysis has emerged as an alternative method for plastic waste treatment; however, its success depends on the system's ability to achieve and maintain the required operating temperature, ranging from 370-420 °C for Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic. This study aims to analyze the temperature response characteristics of the system and to design and implement a reactor temperature control system using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller based on an ESP32-S3 microcontroller, a Type-K thermocouple connected to a MAX6675 module, and an AC dimmer as the heating power actuator. The controller parameters were determined using the Ziegler-Nichols Type 1 and Cohen-Coon tuning methods. The system performance was then evaluated based on the controller parameters Kp, Ki, and Kd), rise time, overshoot, settling time, peak time, and final temperature. The Ziegler Nichols Type 1 tuning method produced controller parameters of Kp = 4.456162, Ki = 0.030574, and Kd = 162.371332, while the Cohen-Coon method yielded Kp=5.117990, Ki=0.009490, and Kd = 458.459730. Simulation results showed that both methods achieved 0% overshoot and a final temperature close to the 400 °C setpoint. The Ziegler-Nichols Type 1 method achieved a settling time of 161.620 s and a peak time of 722.950 s, whereas the Cohen-Coon method resulted in a settling time of 604.220 s and a peak time of 3370.900 s. Based on these results, the Ziegler-Nichols Type 1 method provided a faster simulated response in reaching steady state conditions. However, implementation in the actual system required a fine tuning process to adjust the controller parameters according to the thermal characteristics of the reactor. Experimental results using the fine tuned controller successfully reached a temperature of 400 °C within 944 s, with a maximum temperature of 418.75 °C. The pyrolysis experiment using 0.23 kg of LDPE plastic produced 6 mL of pyrolysis oil. The results demonstrate that the implementation of the PID temperature control system improves the reactor's temperature regulation capability, enabling it to achieve the operating temperature required for the LDPE pyrolysis process.
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