Dzulqarnain, Muhammad Asadullah (2026) Sintesis Dan Modifikasi Permukaan Geopolimer Berbasis Metakaolin Melalui Aktivasi Silanol Dan Grafting (3-Aminopropyl)Triethoxysilane (APTES). Other thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis geopolimer dengan prekursor metakaolin dan aktivator alkali berupa campuran natrium hidroksida dan natrium silikat. Material yang diperoleh kemudian diaktivasi menggunakan larutan HCl 1 M dalam campuran etanol–air untuk menghasilkan gugus silanol aktif pada permukaan geopolimer. Proses grafting geopolimer dilakukan dengan APTES dalam pelarut toluena pada variasi konsentrasi 0,1; 0,2; dan 0,3 M serta waktu grafting 2, 4, dan 6 jam pada suhu 50 ○C. Karakterisasi material dilakukan dengan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), dan Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Hasil karakterisasi FTIR menunjukkan terbentuknya jaringan aluminosilikat geopolimer yang ditandai oleh pita serapan pada 1010 cm⁻¹ yang merupakan vibrasi ulur asimetris Si−O−T, serta pita serapan pada 1383 cm⁻¹ yang menandakan vibrasi ulur ikatan C−O gugus karbonat sebagai indikasi terjadinya efflorescence. Karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan pergeseran gundukan amorf dari kisaran 2θ = 18–31º pada metakaolin menjadi 2θ = 17–34º pada geopolimer yang menegaskan keberhasilan proses geopolimerisasi. Aktivasi permukaan geopolimer menggunakan HCl ditunjukkan oleh pelebaran puncak teramati pada daerah sekitar 3400 cm-1 yang mengindikasikan bertambahnya gugus silanol, meskipun serapan tersebut masih tumpang tindih dengan serapan gugus O−H dari air. Melemahnya puncak vibrasi tekuk H−O−H pada sampel teraktivasi menunjukkan bahwa pengeringan dalam oven vakum dan penyimpanan dalam wadah tertutup berisi silika gel efektif mengurangi kadar air pada sampel. Keberadaan APTES pada permukaan geopolimer terindikasi dari hasil TGA berupa kehilangan massa sebesar 5,3% pada rentang suhu 220-470℃ yang berasal dari dekomposisi gugus organik, lebih besar dibandingkan geopolimer murni (2,5%) dan geopolimer teraktivasi (3,7%). Namun, APTES tersebut tidak terikat secara kovalen pada permukaan, ditunjukkan oleh sangat lemahnya pita serapan vibrasi ulur C−H gugus aminopropil di sekitar 2900 cm-1 pada seluruh variasi konsentrasi dan waktu, serta tidak teramatinya perubahan yang berarti pada daerah serapan gugus silanol. Penggunaan toluena yang bersifat anhidrat dan non-polar menyebabkan hidrolisis gugus etoksi APTES tidak berlangsung optimal, sehingga molekul APTES cenderung mengalami homokondensasi membentuk oligomer polisiloksan yang teradsorpsi secara fisik dibandingkan berkondensasi dengan gugus silanol permukaan. Sintesis geopolimer berbasis metakaolin dan aktivasi gugus silanol berhasil dilakukan, sedangkan grafting APTES belum berhasil membentuk ikatan kovalen sehingga masih memerlukan optimasi kondisi reaksi, khususnya pemilihan pelarut.
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In this study, a metakaolin-based geopolymer was synthesized using an alkaline activator consisting of a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The resulting material was then activated with a 1 M HCl solution in an ethanol–water mixture to generate active silanol groups on the geopolymer surface. Grafting was carried out using APTES in toluene at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 M for grafting durations of 2, 4, and 6 hours at 50℃. The prepared materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The FTIR results confirmed the formation of the aluminosilicate geopolymer network, as indicated by the absorption band at 1010 cm⁻¹, assigned to the asymmetric stretching vibration of Si−O−T, and the band at 1383 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the C−O stretching vibration of carbonate groups as an indication of efflorescence. XRD analysis showed a shift of the amorphous hump from 2θ = 18–31º in metakaolin to 2θ = 17–34º in the geopolymer, confirming that geopolymerization had occurred. Surface activation with HCl was indicated by the broadening of the absorption band around 3400 cm⁻¹, attributed to an increased number of silanol groups, although this band still overlaps with the O−H absorption of water. The weakening of the H−O−H bending vibration band in the activated sample indicated that vacuum-oven drying and storage in a closed container with silica gel effectively reduced the water content of the samples. The presence of APTES on the geopolymer surface was indicated by TGA, with a mass loss of 5.3% within the 220–470℃ range attributed to the decomposition of organic groups, higher than those of the pristine geopolymer (2.5%) and the activated geopolymer (3.7%). However, the APTES was not covalently bound to the surface, as shown by the very weak C−H stretching band of the aminopropyl group around 2900 cm⁻¹ across all concentration and time variations, and by the absence of any appreciable change in the silanol absorption region. The use of toluene, which is anhydrous and non-polar, prevented optimal hydrolysis of the ethoxy groups of APTES, so that the APTES molecules tended to undergo homo-condensation, forming physisorbed polysiloxane oligomers rather than condensing with the surface silanol groups. The synthesis of the metakaolin-based geopolymer and the silanol activation were successfully achieved, whereas APTES grafting did not form covalent bonds and therefore still requires optimization of the reaction conditions, particularly the choice of solvent.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Aktivasi silanol, APTES, Geopolimer, Grafting, Metakaolin Silanol activation, APTES, Geopolymer, Grafting, Metakaolin |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry > Polymerization |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science and Data Analytics (SCIENTICS) > Chemistry > 47201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Muhammad Asadullah Dzulqarnain |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Aug 2026 02:01 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Aug 2026 02:01 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/143891 |
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