Mirzayanti, Yustia Wulandari (2019) Catalytic Hydrocracking Minyak Biji Kapuk Randu (Ceiba pentandra) menjadi Biofuel menggunakan Katalis Bimetal Berbasis Mo/HZSM-5. Doctoral thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
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Abstract
Dampak semakin menipisnya cadangan minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku fosil dan tingginya pencemaran udara akibat emisi gas buang dari penggunaan bahan bakar fosil mendorong perlunya pengembangan lebih lanjut terhadap sumber energi baru dan terbarukan. Penelitian ini mengembangkan proses catalytic hydrocracking minyak biji kapuk randu (Ceiba pentandra) menjadi biofuel menggunakan katalis bimetal berbasis Mo/HZSM-5. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh rasio dan persentase loading logam katalis terhadap karakteristik katalis, mengetahui pengaruh temperatur reaksi terhadap konversi dan selektivitas hidrokarbon cair yang terbentuk pada proses catalytic hydrocracking minyak biji kapuk randu (Ceiba pentandra) menjadi biofuel, serta mempelajari kinetika reaksi proses tersebut. Preparasi katalis dilakukan menggunakan metode incipient wetness impregnation. Kinerja katalis diuji melalui reaksi catalytic hydrocracking minyak biji kapuk randu (Ceiba pentandra) untuk menghasilkan hidrokarbon cair (biofuel). Reaksi dilakukan menggunakan slurry pressure batch reactor yang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk, dengan variasi temperatur antara 300–400°C, tekanan reaktor 20 ± 5 bar setelah dialiri gas H₂, dan waktu reaksi selama 2 jam. Pengaruh temperatur reaksi terhadap komposisi senyawa hidrokarbon, komposisi n-paraffin, konversi, dan yield produk hidrokarbon cair dipelajari menggunakan beberapa jenis katalis berdasarkan komposisi logam molibdenum (Mo) serta persentase loading logam dalam total katalis. Performa katalis terbaik ditunjukkan oleh katalis NiMo/HZSM-5_102 berdasarkan parameter yield dan konversi tertinggi. Katalis NiMo/HZSM-5_102 menghasilkan konversi sebesar 84,82% dan yield hidrokarbon gasoil-like sebesar 43,78% pada temperatur 400°C. Nilai modulus Thiele (mL) pada masing-masing jenis katalis, yaitu (a) Ni-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 2,17 × 10⁻², (b) Zn-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 2,23 × 10⁻², dan (c) CuMo/HZSM-5_102 = 1,8 × 10⁻², menunjukkan bahwa proses difusi reaktan dapat diabaikan sehingga reaksi kimia dianggap sebagai faktor yang menentukan keseluruhan proses. Energi aktivasi (Ea) untuk masing-masing jenis katalis adalah (a) Ni-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 47,059 kJ·kgmol⁻¹·K⁻¹, (b) Zn-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 84,266 kJ·kgmol⁻¹·K⁻¹, dan (c) CuMo/HZSM-5_102 = 106,058 kJ·kgmol⁻¹·K⁻¹. Model kinetika reaksi dalam penelitian ini diasumsikan sebagai reaksi paralel orde satu. Persamaan model kinetika untuk masing-masing jenis katalis adalah sebagai berikut: NiMo/HZSM-5_102: −rₜg = 3,2541 × e⁻⁴⁷·⁰⁵⁹/ᴿᵀ · Cₜg; ZnMo/HZSM-5_102: −rₜg = 10,929 × e⁻⁸⁴·²⁶⁶/ᴿᵀ · Cₜg; dan CuMo/HZSM-5_102: −rₜg = 14,413 × e⁻¹⁰⁶·⁰⁵⁸/ᴿᵀ · Cₜg. Berdasarkan evaluasi data penelitian, diperoleh nilai untuk NiMo/HZSM-5_102, yaitu k₁ = 5,01 × 10⁻⁴/menit, k₂ = 8 × 10⁻⁴/menit, dan k₃ = 7,7 × 10⁻⁴/menit. Nilai tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa minyak biji kapuk randu lebih banyak terkonversi menjadi gasoil (C₁₅–C₁₈) dibandingkan menjadi gasoline (C₅–C₉), kerosene (C₁₀–C₁₄), atau hidrokarbon dengan rantai karbon >C₁₈.
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The depletion of petroleum reserves as a fossil fuel feedstock and the high level of air pollution caused by exhaust emissions from fossil fuel use have highlighted the need for further development of new and renewable energy sources. This study developed a catalytic hydrocracking process for converting kapok seed oil (Ceiba pentandra) into biofuel using a Mo/HZSM-5-based bimetallic catalyst. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of catalyst metal ratios and metal loading percentages on catalyst characteristics, determine the effect of reaction temperature on the conversion and selectivity of liquid hydrocarbons produced during the catalytic hydrocracking of kapok seed oil (Ceiba pentandra) into biofuel, and study the reaction kinetics of the process. The catalyst was prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method. Catalyst performance was evaluated through the catalytic hydrocracking reaction of kapok seed oil (Ceiba pentandra) to produce liquid hydrocarbons (biofuel). The reaction was conducted using a slurry pressure batch reactor equipped with a stirrer, with temperature variations ranging from 300 to 400°C, a reactor pressure of 20 ± 5 bar after H₂ gas purging, and a reaction time of 2 hours. The effects of reaction temperature on hydrocarbon compound composition, n-paraffin composition, conversion, and yield of liquid hydrocarbon products were investigated using different catalyst types based on the metal composition involving molybdenum (Mo) and the percentage of metal loading in the total catalyst. The best catalyst performance was obtained with NiMo/HZSM-5_102 based on the highest conversion and yield. The NiMo/HZSM-5_102 catalyst achieved a conversion of 84.82% and a gasoil-like hydrocarbon yield of 43.78% at a temperature of 400°C. The Thiele modulus (mL) values for each catalyst type were (a) Ni-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 2.17 × 10⁻², (b) Zn-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 2.23 × 10⁻², and (c) CuMo/HZSM-5_102 = 1.8 × 10⁻², indicating that reactant diffusion could be neglected and that the chemical reaction was the rate-determining factor for the overall process. The activation energies (Ea) for the catalyst types were (a) Ni-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 47.059 kJ·kgmol⁻¹·K⁻¹, (b) Zn-Mo/HZSM-5_102 = 84.266 kJ·kgmol⁻¹·K⁻¹, and (c) CuMo/HZSM-5_102 = 106.058 kJ·kgmol⁻¹·K⁻¹. The reaction kinetic model in this study assumed a parallel first-order reaction. The kinetic model equations for each catalyst type were as follows: NiMo/HZSM-5_102: −rₜg = 3.2541 × e⁻⁴⁷·⁰⁵⁹/ᴿᵀ · Cₜg; ZnMo/HZSM-5_102: −rₜg = 10.929 × e⁻⁸⁴·²⁶⁶/ᴿᵀ · Cₜg; and CuMo/HZSM-5_102: −rₜg = 14.413 × e⁻¹⁰⁶·⁰⁵⁸/ᴿᵀ · Cₜg. Based on the evaluation of the research data, the values obtained for NiMo/HZSM-5_102 were k₁ = 5.01 × 10⁻⁴/min, k₂ = 8 × 10⁻⁴/min, and k₃ = 7.7 × 10⁻⁴/min. These values indicate that kapok seed oil was converted predominantly into gasoil (C₁₅–C₁₈) rather than gasoline (C₅–C₉), kerosene (C₁₀–C₁₄), or hydrocarbons with carbon chains >C₁₈.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Catalytic hydrocracking, bimetal, Mo/HZSM-5, minyak biji kapuk randu (Ceiba pentandra), biofuel |
| Subjects: | Q Science Q Science > QD Chemistry Q Science > QD Chemistry > QD501 Catalysis. Catalysts. T Technology > T Technology (General) |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Industrial Technology > Chemical Engineering > 24001-(S3) PhD Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Jul 2026 04:55 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Jul 2026 04:55 |
| URI: | http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/69548 |
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