Kajian Dampak Mikroplastik di Sungai dan Air Minum terhadap Lingkungan Hidup dan Kesehatan Manusia

Yuliana, Novi Diah (2021) Kajian Dampak Mikroplastik di Sungai dan Air Minum terhadap Lingkungan Hidup dan Kesehatan Manusia. Undergraduate thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.

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Abstract

Mikroplastik yang ada di sungai dapat memberikan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan hidup dan kesehatan manusia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji karakteristik dan dampak mikroplastik di sungai yang digunakan sebagai sumber air baku air minum terhadap lingkungan hidup, serta mengkaji dampak mikroplastik pada air minum terhadap kesehatan manusia.
Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini yaitu dengan mengkaji dampak mikroplastik di sungai dan air minum terhadap lingkungan hidup dan kesehatan manusia dari berbagai sumber pustaka. Sumber pustaka yang digunakan berasal dari textbook, artikel ilmiah dari jurnal atau seminar nasional dan internasional, makalah, tugas akhir, tesis, disertasi, dan karya ilmiah lain yang berhubungan dengan tujuan kajian pustaka.
Hasil kajian menunjukkan karakteristik mikroplastik yang ada di sungai memiliki bermacam bentuk, sumber, jenis partikel, dan warna. Bentuk dari mikroplastik berupa fragmen, film, serat, busa, pelet, dan granula. Mikroplastik dapat masuk ke sungai dari sampah plastik yang terdegradasi, limbah industri, sampah dan air limbah rumah tangga, luapan selokan, dan dari atmosfer. Mikroplastik terdiri atas beragam rangkaian jenis polimer seperti PE, PET, PP, PS, dan PVC. Warna mikroplastik meliputi warna biru, hijau, merah, ungu, putih, kuning, hitam, coklat, dan transparan. Mikroplastik yang terakumulasi di dalam tubuh biota potensial mengakibatkan kerusakan organ internal, penyumbatan saluran pencernaan, bersifat karsinogenik, gangguan endokrin, mengurangi tingkat pertumbuhan, menghambat produksi enzim, menurunkan kadar hormon steroid, dan mempengaruhi reproduksi serta menimbulkan masalah serius dalam rantai makanan. Mikroplastik yang terdapat di tubuh biota kebanyakan berupa jenis polimer PS dan berbentuk serat. Mikroplastik yang ada di sungai dapat mempengaruhi distribusi bahan kimia serta dapat secara langsung dan tidak langsung mempengaruhi kualitas abiotik.
Keberadaan mikroplastik pada air minum hasil pengolahan pada umumnya berbentuk serat dan fragmen dari jenis PET. Mikroplastik dengan kelimpahan terkecil di air minum berukuran ≤20 µm. Mikroplastik dengan ukuran lebih besar dari 150 µm kemungkinan tidak akan diserap, sedangkan yang lebih kecil dari 150 µm dapat berpindah dari rongga usus ke getah bening dan sistem peredaran darah, serta menyebabkan paparan sistemik. Namun, penyerapan mikroplastik ini diperkirakan akan terbatas (≤0,3%). Hanya mikroplastik dengan ukuran ≤20 µm yang dapat menembus ke dalam organ sedangkan fraksi terkecil (≤0,1 µm) akan dapat mengakses semua organ, membran sel, sawar darah-otak dan plasenta. Pasien dengan peningkatan permeabilitas usus (misalnya, karena penyakit radang usus kronis) kemungkinan lebih rentan terhadap penyerapan mikropartikel dan potensi kerusakan. Namun, pengetahuan tentang dampak konsumsi mikroplastik terhadap kesehatan manusia masih sangat terbatas.
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Microplastics in rivers can cause negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, this study aimed: to examine the characteristics and impacts of microplastics in rivers that are used as raw water sources for water supply on the environment and to examine the microplastic impacts in water supply to the human health.
The method used in this study is to examine the microplastic impacts on rivers and water supply to the environment and human health from various literature sources. The library resources were withdrawn from textbooks, scientific articles from national and international journals or seminars, papers, final projects, theses, dissertations, and other scientific works related to the purposes of this paper.
The results showed the characteristics of microplastics in rivers which had various shapes, sources, types of particles, and colors. The forms of microplastics were fragments, films, fibers, foams, pellets, and granules. Microplastics could enter the rivers from degraded plastic waste, industrial waste, household waste and wastewater, overflowing sewers, and from the atmosphere. Microplastics consisted of polymer types such as PE, PET, PP, PS, and PVC. Microplastic colors included: blue, green, red, purple, white, yellow, black, brown, and transparent. Microplastics accumulated in the body of biota had the potential result in internal organ damage, gastrointestinal tract blockage, carcinogenic process, endocrine disorders, growth rates and steroid hormone levels reduction, as well as enzyme production inhibition. Moreover, the accumulation of microplastics also affected the reproduction system and caused serious problems in the food webs. Most of the microplastics found in biota were in the form of PS polymers and fibers. Microplastics in rivers could both influence the distribution of chemicals and directly or indirectly associated with the abiotic quality.
The presence of microplastics in treated drinking water is mostly in the form of PET fibers and fragments. The smallest size of microplastics in the treated drinking water was ≤20 µm. Microplastics larger than 150 µm were unlikely to be absorbed, whereas those smaller than 150 µm could travel from the intestinal cavity to the lymph and circulatory system, causing systemic exposure. However, the uptake of these microplastics was expected to be limited (≤0,3%). Only microplastics with a size of ≤20 µm could penetrate into the organs while the smallest fraction (≤0.1 µm) would be able to access all organs, cell membranes, blood-brain barrier and placenta. Patients with serious intestinal permeability (eg, due to chronic inflammatory bowel disease) might be more susceptible to microparticle absorption, and potential damage. However, knowledge about the impacts of microplastics consumption on human health were still very limited.

Item Type:	Thesis (Undergraduate)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Air Minum, Air Sungai, Kesehatan Manusia, Lingkungan, Mikroplastik, Environment, Human Health, Microplastics, River Water, Water Supply
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD259.2 Drinking water. Water quality T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering > TD420 Water pollution
Divisions:	Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering (CIVPLAN) > Environmental Engineering > 25201-(S1) Undergraduate Thesis
Depositing User:	Novi Diah Yuliana
Date Deposited:	10 Aug 2021 04:10
Last Modified:	10 Aug 2021 04:10
URI:	http://repository.its.ac.id/id/eprint/85319

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